The climate change characterization factors quantify biodiversity impacts caused by temperature increases resulting from greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions. Impacts are expressed as PDF·yr per kg emitted and cover terrestrial, freshwater, and marine ecosystems. The cause–effect chain links GHG emissions to radiative forcing, global warming, and species loss when thermal niche limits are exceeded. Species are considered negatively affected when rising temperatures induce physiological stress and range contractions. While impacts are modelled spatially, climate change CFs are provided as global values because emissions affect the entire planet. Regional differences in species responses are nevertheless incorporated into calculations.